ABSTRACT
This article addresses the barriers and facilitators associated with the implementation of PTSD Intensive Outpatient Programs (IOP) across three VHA Medical Centers. Each site developed programs that delivered EBPs in a massed or condensed format and relied on implementation science and the i-PARIHS model to help direct the innovation. Face-to-face, virtual, and combined platforms were used, demonstrating flexibility in design. While each site experienced unique challenges associated with local contextual factors, multiple themes emerged across sites that may help guide future IOP and massed EBP implementations. Common facilitators of the implementation process included: the availability or presence of a credible lead (i.e., champion) to guide the innovation, opportunities to consult with national or outside experts, strong team engagement, processes in place that allowed for ongoing review, clinic operations that are aligned with principles of PTSD specialty care (e.g., time-limited, evidence-based, utilization of measurement based care, willingness to treat complex cases), and leadership support. Alternately, shared barriers included limitations on available resources, options for provider coverage, early staff buy-in, and organizational factors. Solutions to address these barriers and recommendations for future direction are shared. [Author ]